Seminars

Translational risk remains a major challenge in obesity and kidney disease drug development, often leading to uncertainty in preclinical decision-making. In obesity, the success of GLP-1 therapies has set a new benchmark, driving the development of both novel mechanisms beyond GLP-1 and combination strategies to address its limitations, including nausea, muscle loss, and weight regain. However, conventional preclinical evaluation based on body weight alone often fails to distinguish true pharmacological efficacy from adverse effect–driven outcomes.